Yenza isayensi edumileyo

Ukubumba ibhekisa ekusetyenzisweni koomatshini bokubumba ukufaka uxinzelelo kwi-billet yesinyithi ukukhuthaza ukuguqulwa kweplastiki, ukuze kufunyanwe iimpawu ezithile zoomatshini, imo ethile kunye nobukhulu bokubumba, yenye yezona zinto zimbini ziphambili zobumba (kubandakanya ukubumba kunye nokunyathela). Ngokubumba, inokususa iziphene ezifana nokunyibilikisa isinyithi, kwaye iphucule ulwakhiwo lwe-microstructure. Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yokuba ulungelelwaniso olupheleleyo lwesinyithi lugcinwa, iimpawu zoomatshini bokubumba zihlala zingcono kunokwenziwa kwezinto ezifanayo. Kwimishini efanelekileyo, kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo ezinomthwalo ophezulu kunye neemeko zokusebenza ezingqongqo, ngaphandle kobume obulula obunokusebenzisa ipleyiti eqengqiweyo, iprofayili okanye iindawo zokuwelda, uninzi lwezixhobo zokubumba ziya kusetyenziswa.

1. Ubushushu bokuguqulwa

Ubushushu bokuqala bokuphinda kusetyenziswe isinyithi bumalunga ne-727℃, kodwa i-800℃ isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengomgca wokwahlulahlula, ngaphezulu kwe-800℃ kukufakelwa okushushu; phakathi kwe-300 ne-800℃ kubizwa ngokuba yi-warm forging okanye i-semi-hot forging, i-forging kubushushu begumbi ibizwa ngokuba yi-cold forging. Ii-Forgings ezisetyenziswa kumashishini amaninzi zi-hot forging, kwaye i-warm forging kunye ne-cold forging zisetyenziselwa kakhulu ukufakelwa kweemoto, oomatshini ngokubanzi kunye nezinye iindawo. I-Warm forging kunye ne-cold forging zinokonga ngokufanelekileyo izixhobo.

2. Udidi lwe-Forge

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, ngokweqondo lobushushu bokubumba, inokwahlulwahlulwa ibe yi-hot forging, i-warm forging kunye ne-cold forging. Ngokwendlela yokwenza, ukubumba kunokwahlulwahlulwa kube yi-free forging, i-die forging, i-grinding ring kunye ne-special forging.

1) Ukubumba simahla

Ibhekisa kwindlela yokucubungula yokusebenzisa izixhobo ezilula zehlabathi okanye ukusebenzisa amandla angaphandle ngokuthe ngqo kwi-billet phakathi kwe-anvil ephezulu nesezantsi yezixhobo zokubumba ukuze kuguqulwe isithuba esingenanto kwaye kufunyanwe i-geometry efunekayo kunye nomgangatho wangaphakathi wee-forgings. Ii-Forgings eziveliswa yindlela yokubumba ekhululekileyo zibizwa ngokuba zii-free forgings. I-Free forging isekelwe kakhulu kwimveliso yee-forgings ezine-batch encinci, kusetyenziswa i-forging hammer, i-hydraulic press kunye nezinye izixhobo zokubumba ukwenza nokucubungula i-billet, kunye nokufumana ii-forgings ezifanelekileyo. Inkqubo esisiseko ye-free forging ibandakanya ukucaphukisa, ukwandisa, ukubhoboza, ukusika, ukugoba, ukujija, ukudiliza kunye nokufaka. I-Free forging yonke iyasetyenziswa kwimodi yokubumba eshushu.

2) Ukwenziwa kwesikhunta

I-mold forging yahlulwe yaba yi-open die forging kunye ne-closed die forging. I-metal billet iyacinezelwa kwaye iguqulwe kwigumbi le-forging die elinemilo ethile ukuze kufunyanwe iindawo ze-forging. I-die forging isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iindawo ezincinci kunye nezinkulu. I-mold forging inokwahlulwa ibe yi-hot die forging, i-warm forging kunye ne-cold forging. I-warm forging kunye ne-cold forging zizikhokelo zophuhliso lwexesha elizayo lwe-die forging, kwaye zikwamela inqanaba lobuchwepheshe be-forging.

Ngokweengongoma zezinto ezibonakalayo, i-die forging inokwahlulwahlulwa ibe yi-black metal die forging, i-nonferrous metal die forging kunye ne-powder products. Njengoko igama lisitsho, ezi zinto ziyi-ferrous metals ezifana ne- I-Carbon Steel, iintsimbi ezingezizo ezomileyo ezifana nobhedu kunye ne-aluminium, kunye nezinto zokunyibilikisa isinyithi ezenziwe ngomgubo.

Ukukhupha izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kufuneka kudityaniswe nokufakela izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo, kwaye kunokwahlulwahlulwa kube kukukhupha izinto ezisetyenziswa kwisinyithi esinzima kunye nokukhupha izinto ezisetyenziswa kwisinyithi esilula.

I-Closed die forging kunye ne-closed heading forging zezinye zeenkqubo ezimbini eziphambili ze-die forging. Ngenxa yokuba akukho mda wokubhabha, izinga lokusetyenziswa kwezinto liphezulu. Ukugqitywa kwe-complex forgings kunokufezwa kwinkqubo enye okanye kwiinkqubo ezininzi. Ekubeni kungekho mda wokubhabha, indawo yoxinzelelo lwe-forging iyancitshiswa, kwaye umthwalo ofunekayo nawo uyancitshiswa. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-billet akufuneki ithintelwe ngokupheleleyo, ngoko ke umthamo we-billet kufuneka ulawulwe ngokungqongqo, indawo ehambelanayo ye-forging die kunye nokulinganiswa kwe-forging, kwaye uzame ukunciphisa ukuguguleka kwe-forging die.

3) Fikelela kwiringi

Ukusila iringi kubhekisa ekuvelisweni kweendawo zeringi ezinobubanzi obahlukeneyo ngezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zomatshini wokusila iringi, osetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iindawo zevili ezifana namavili eemoto kunye namavili kaloliwe.

4) Ukubumba okukhethekileyo

Ukubumba okukhethekileyo kubandakanya ukubumba imiqolo, ukuqengqeleka kwe-wedge transverse, ukubumba nge-radial, ukubumba nge-liquid die kunye nezinye iindlela zokubumba, ezi ndlela zifanelekile ngakumbi ekuveliseni ezinye iindawo ezinemilo ekhethekileyo. Umzekelo, ukubumba imiqolo kungasetyenziswa njengenkqubo esebenzayo yokulungiselela ngaphambi kokwenza ukunciphisa kakhulu uxinzelelo lokwakha olulandelayo; ukuqengqeleka kwe-wedge transverse kunokuvelisa ibhola yentsimbi, i-drive shaft kunye nokubumba nge-radial kunokuvelisa ukubumba okukhulu okufana ne-gun barrel kunye ne-step shaft.

5) Ukubumba isikhunta

Ngokwendlela yokuhamba kwe-forging die, i-forging ingahlulwahlulwa ibe yi-swing rolling, i-swing rotary forging, i-roll forging, i-wedge transverse rolling, i-rolling ring kunye ne-intended rolling. I-Roll-rolling, i-swing-rotary forging kunye ne-rolling ring nazo zingacutshungulwa nge-fine forging. Ukuze kuphuculwe izinga lokusetyenziswa kwezinto, i-rolling forging kunye ne-transverse rolling zingasetyenziswa njengenkqubo yokuqala yokucubungula izinto ezincinci. I-Rotary forging, njenge-free forging, ikwanayo nenzuzo yokuba xa ithelekiswa nobukhulu be-forging, inokwakheka kwimeko yamandla amancinci okugaya. Indlela yokwenza, kubandakanya i-free forging, izixhobo zokucubungula ukusuka kumphezulu we-mold ukuya kumphezulu okhululekileyo, ke ngoko, kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka, ngoko ke, indlela yokuhamba kwe-forging mold kunye nenkqubo yokwenza i-rotary enolawulo lwekhompyutha, ingasetyenziswa amandla aphantsi okugaya kwimo enzima, iimveliso ezichanekileyo, ezifana neentlobo zemveliso, ubungakanani obukhulu be-steam turbine blade forgings.

Intshukumo yokubumba yezixhobo zokubumba ayihambelani nomlinganiselo wenkululeko. Ngokweempawu zomda wokuguquguquka kwendawo efileyo, izixhobo zokubumba zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindlela ezine ezilandelayo:

Ukunciphisa uhlobo lwamandla okubumba: uxinzelelo lweoyile luqhuba ngokuthe ngqo i-slide oil press.

Imo yomlinganiselo we-quasi-stroke: i-oil press iqhuba i-oil press ye-crank linkage mechanism.

Umda westroke: cinezela ngoomatshini uqhuba islayidi ngecrank, intonga yokudibanisa kunye nendlela yokwenza i-wedge.

Imo yokunciphisa amandla: kusetyenziswa indlela yokucinezela izikrufu ye-spiral kunye ne-friction press.

Ukuze kufezekiswe ukuchaneka okuphezulu, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuthintela ukugqithiswa kakhulu kwindawo esezantsi efileyo kunye nokulawula isantya kunye nendawo yokufa. Kuba ezi ziya kuba nefuthe ekunyamezeleni ukubumba, ukuchaneka kwesimo kunye nobomi bokubumba. Ukongeza, ukuze kugcinwe ukuchaneka, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukulungisa indawo yesitimela esikhokelayo sesilayidi, ukuqinisekisa ukuqina, ukulungisa indawo efileyo kunye nokusebenzisa isixhobo sokuhambisa inkxaso kunye nezinye iindlela.

Kukwakho nokuhamba ngokuthe nkqo nokuthe tye kwezilayidi (kwiindawo ezincinci zokubumba, ukupholisa ukuthambisa, kunye nokuveliswa ngokukhawuleza kweendawo zokubumba), ukusebenzisa isixhobo sokuhlawula kunokunyusa ukuhamba kwezinye iindlela. Iindlela ezingentla zahlukile, amandla okubumba afunekayo, inkqubo, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto, isivuno, ukunyamezela ubungakanani kunye neendlela zokuphola zokuthambisa zahlukile, ezi zinto zikwayizinto ezichaphazela inqanaba lokuzenzekelayo.

3. Izixhobo zokubumba

Izinto zokubumba ikakhulu ziintsimbi yekhabhoni kunye nentsimbi ye-alloy yezinto ezahlukeneyo, zilandelwa yi-aluminium, i-magnesium, i-copper, i-titanium kunye nee-alloys zazo. Imeko yokuqala yezinto zokwakha zizinto zentonga, i-ingot, umgubo wesinyithi kunye nesinyithi esilulwelo. Umlinganiselo wendawo enqamlezileyo yesinyithi ngaphambi kokuguqulwa ukuya kwindawo enqamlezileyo emva kokuguqulwa ubizwa ngokuba yi-forging ratio. Ukhetho oluchanekileyo lomlinganiselo wokubumba, ubushushu bokufudumeza obufanelekileyo kunye nexesha lokugquma, ubushushu bokuqala bokubumba obufanelekileyo kunye nobushushu bokugqibela bokubumba, ukuguquguquka okufanelekileyo kunye nesantya sokuguqulwa zinobudlelwane obuhle bokuphucula umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokunciphisa iindleko.

Ngokubanzi ii-forgings ezincinci neziphakathi zi-rod ezingqukuva okanye ezisikwere njenge-billet. Ulungelelwaniso lweenkozo kunye neempawu zoomatshini zezinto ze-rod ziyafana, zilungile, zichanekile kwaye zinobukhulu, zisemgangathweni ophezulu, kulula ukuzilungiselela imveliso yobuninzi. Lo gama nje ubushushu bokufudumeza kunye neemeko zokuguquguquka zilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, ii-forgings ezisebenza kakuhle zinokudityaniswa ngaphandle kokuguquguquka okukhulu kwe-forging.

I-Iningot yenzelwe kuphela izinto ezinkulu. I-ingot sisicwili esikhutshwe ngaphandle esineekristale ezinkulu zekholamu kunye nombindi okhululekileyo. Ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko ukuqhekeza iikristale ze-cylindrical zibe ziinkozo ezincinci kwaye wenze ukuxinana okukhululekileyo ukuze ufumane ulungelelwaniso lwesinyithi esincinci kunye neempawu zoomatshini.

I-billet eyenziwe kwangaphambili ye-metallurgy yepowder ecinezelweyo netshisiweyo inokwenziwa ngaphandle kwe-fly side die xa ishushu. I-forging powder isondelelene nobunzima be-general die forging, ineempawu ezilungileyo zoomatshini kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu, okunokunciphisa ukusebenza okulandelayo. I-powder forgings icwangciswe kakuhle ngaphandle kokwahlulwahlulwa kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto zokusebenza ezifana nezixhobo ezincinci. Kodwa ixabiso le-powder liphezulu kakhulu kunexabiso le-general bar, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwimveliso kunqunyelwe kwinqanaba elithile.

Uxinzelelo olungashukumiyo lusetyenziswa kwisinyithi esilulwelo esithululwa kwigumbi lokubumba ukuze siqine, sinyibilike, sihambe, siguqulwe sibe yiplastiki size sikhonzwe phantsi koxinzelelo, ngaloo ndlela sifumane imo kunye nokusebenza okufunekayo. I-die forging yesinyithi esilulwelo yindlela yokwenza phakathi kwe-die casting kunye ne-die forging. Ifanelekile ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezintsonkothileyo zodonga oluncinci ezinzima ukwenziwa kwi-die forging ngokubanzi.

Izinto zokubumba ukongeza kwizinto eziqhelekileyo, ezifana nezinto ezahlukeneyo zentsimbi yekhabhoni kunye nentsimbi ye-alloy, kulandele i-aluminium, i-magnesium, i-copper, i-titanium kunye ne-alloy yayo, i-alloy yobushushu obuphezulu esekwe kwi-iron, i-alloy yobushushu obuphezulu esekwe kwi-nickel, i-alloy yokuguquguquka kwe-alloy yobushushu obuphezulu esekwe kwi-cobalt ngokusebenzisa indlela yokubumba okanye yokuqengqeleka, kodwa ezi ngxubevange ngenxa yendawo yazo yeplastiki zincinci, ngoko ke ubunzima bokubumba bukhulu kakhulu, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zobushushu bokufudumeza, ubushushu bokubumba kunye nobushushu bokugqibela bokubumba zineemfuno ezingqongqo.

4. Ukuhamba kwenkqubo

Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubumba zineenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, phakathi kwazo inkqubo yetekhnoloji yokubumba i-hot die yeyona inde, ulungelelwaniso ngokubanzi lulolu: ukondla i-billet; ukufudumeza i-forging; ukulungiselela i-roller forging; i-die forging; ukusika umda; ukubhoboza; ukulungiswa; ukuhlolwa okuphakathi, ukujonga ubungakanani kunye neziphene zomphezulu we-forgings; unyango lobushushu lwe-forgings ukuze kupheliswe uxinzelelo lwe-forging kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kokusika isinyithi; ukucoca, ikakhulu ukususa ulusu lwe-oxidation yomphezulu; ukulungiswa; ukuhlolwa, ii-forgings eziqhelekileyo kufuneka zidlule kuhlolo lwenkangeleko kunye nobunzima, kwaye ii-forgings ezibalulekileyo kufuneka zivavanywe ngohlalutyo lokwakheka kweekhemikhali, iipropati zoomatshini, uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo kunye novavanyo olungonakalisiyo.

5. Iimpawu ze-forgings

Xa kuthelekiswa nee-castings, isinyithi sinokuphucula ulwakhiwo lwazo kunye neempawu zoomatshini. I-Casting tissue emva kokubumba indlela yokuguqulwa kobushushu, ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwesinyithi kunye nokuguqulwa kwakhona, yenza i-dendrite etyebileyo yokuqala kunye nengqolowa ye-columnar ibe yi-grain fine, ubungakanani bayo bufana nombutho we-axial recrystallization, yenza ukwahlulwahlulwa kokuqala, ukukhululeka, ii-pores, i-slag ukuya kwi-compaction kunye ne-welding, umbutho uba kufutshane ngakumbi, uphucula i-plasticity kunye neempawu zoomatshini zesinyithi.
Iipropati zoomatshini ze-castings ziphantsi kunezo ze-forgings ezenziwe ngezinto ezifanayo. Ukongeza, ukucubungula i-forging kunokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kombutho we-metal fiber, ukuze umbutho we-fiber we-forging kunye nemilo ye-forging, i-metal streamline igqitywe, inokuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo zineempawu ezilungileyo zoomatshini kunye nobomi benkonzo ende. Ii-Forgings eziveliswa yi-precision die forging, i-cold extrusion, i-temperature extrusion kunye nezinye iinkqubo azinakuthelekiswa nee-castings.
I-forging yinto apho isinyithi sifakwa phantsi koxinzelelo ukuze senze imo efunekayo okanye senze amandla afanelekileyo okucinezela. La mandla adla ngokufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa ihamile okanye uxinzelelo. Inkqubo yokubumba yakha isakhiwo seenxalenye ezincinci kwaye iphucula iimpawu zomzimba zesinyithi. Ekusetyenzisweni kwamalungu, uyilo olufanelekileyo lwenza ukuba iinxalenye zihambe ziye kwicala loxinzelelo oluphambili. I-Casting yinto eyenza isinyithi efunyenwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokubumba, oko kukuthi ukunyibilikisa isinyithi esilulwelo, ngokugalela, ukucinezela, ukufunxa okanye ezinye iindlela zokubumba kwi-cast elungisiweyo, ukupholisa emva kwesanti, ukucoca kunye nonyango emva konyango, into enobume obuthile, ubungakanani kunye nokusebenza okuthile.