Pangani sayansi yotchuka

Kupanga Limatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira zinthu kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu pa billet yachitsulo kuti alimbikitse kusintha kwa pulasitiki, kuti apeze mawonekedwe enaake amakina, mawonekedwe enieni ndi kukula kwa zinthu zopangira zinthu, ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo ziwiri zazikulu zopangira zinthu zopangira zinthu (kuphatikizapo kupanga zinthu ndi kupondaponda). Kupyolera mu kupanga zinthu, imatha kuchotsa zolakwika monga kusungunula zitsulo, ndikukonza kapangidwe kake ka zinthu. Nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa chakuti chitsulo chonse chimasungidwa bwino, mawonekedwe a makina opangira zinthu nthawi zambiri amakhala abwino kuposa kuponyera zinthu zomwezo. Mu makina oyenera, pazinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi katundu wambiri komanso mikhalidwe yogwira ntchito molimbika, kupatula mawonekedwe osavuta omwe angagwiritse ntchito mbale yopindika, mbiri kapena zigawo zolumikizira, zinthu zambiri zopangira zinthu zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito.

1. Kutentha kwa kusintha

Kutentha kwa chitsulo choyambira ndi pafupifupi 727℃, koma 800℃ nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mzere wogawa, woposa 800℃ ndi wotentha; pakati pa 300 ndi 800℃ amatchedwa wofunda kapena wotentha pang'ono, ndipo wozizira pa kutentha kwa chipinda amatchedwa wozizira. Zotenthetsera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri ndi zotenthetsera, ndipo zotenthetsera zotentha ndi zozizira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga magalimoto, makina wamba ndi zina. Zotenthetsera zotentha ndi zozizira zimatha kusunga bwino zipangizo.

2. Gulu la Forge

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, malinga ndi kutentha kwa forging, ingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: forging yotentha, forging yotentha ndi forging yozizira. Malinga ndi njira yopangira, forging ingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: free forging, die forging, grinding ring ndi special forging.

1) Kupangira kwaulere

Zimatanthauza njira yogwiritsira ntchito zida zosavuta kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zakunja mwachindunji ku billet pakati pa anvil yapamwamba ndi yapansi ya zida zopangira kuti zisinthe malo opanda kanthu ndikupeza geometry yofunikira komanso mtundu wamkati wa zopangira. Zopangira zopangidwa ndi njira ya free forging zimatchedwa free forgings. Free forging imadalira kwambiri kupanga zopangira ndi gulu laling'ono, pogwiritsa ntchito nyundo zopangira, makina osindikizira a hydraulic ndi zida zina zopangira kuti apange ndikukonza billet, ndikupeza zopangira zoyenera. Njira yoyambira ya free forging imaphatikizapo kusokoneza, kutalikitsa, kuboola, kudula, kupindika, kupotoza, kusuntha ndi kupanga. Free forging yonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu hot forging mode.

2) Kupanga nkhungu

Kupangira nkhungu kumagawidwa m'magulu awiri: kutsegulira ndi kutseka. Chitsulo chachitsulo chimakanikizidwa ndikusinthidwa m'chipinda chopangira ndi mawonekedwe enaake kuti chipeze zigawo zopangira. Kupangira nkhungu nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zigawo zazing'ono komanso zazikulu. Kupangira nkhungu kumatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: kutenthetsa, kutenthetsa ndi kuzizira. Kupangira nkhungu ndi kuzizira ndi njira yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko cha kupangira nkhungu, ndipo zimayimiranso mulingo waukadaulo wopangira.

Malinga ndi mfundo za zinthu, zida zopangira zitsulo zingagawidwenso m'magulu awiri: zitsulo zakuda, zitsulo zopanda chitsulo ndi ufa. Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, zipangizozo ndi zitsulo zachitsulo monga Mpweya wa Kabonil, zitsulo zopanda chitsulo monga mkuwa ndi aluminiyamu, ndi zipangizo zopangira zitsulo za ufa.

Kutulutsa kuyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi kupanga zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito die forging, ndipo kungagawidwe m'magulu awiri: heavy metal extrusion ndi light metal extrusion.

Kuphimba kwa die yotsekedwa ndi kutseka mutu ndi njira ziwiri zapamwamba zopangira die. Chifukwa palibe m'mphepete wouluka, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kwakukulu. Kumaliza kwa ma forging ovuta kumatha kuchitika mu njira imodzi kapena zingapo. Popeza palibe m'mphepete wouluka, malo opsinjika a forging amachepetsedwa, ndipo katundu wofunikira nawonso amachepetsedwa. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwika kuti billet sayenera kuchepetsedwa kwathunthu, kotero kuchuluka kwa billet kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala, malo ofananira a forging die ndi muyeso wa forging, ndikuyesetsa kuchepetsa kuvala kwa forging die.

3) Fikirani mphete

Kugaya mphete kumatanthauza kupanga ziwalo za mphete za mainchesi osiyanasiyana kudzera mu makina apadera ogaya mphete, omwe amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ziwalo za mawilo monga mawilo agalimoto ndi mawilo a sitima.

4) Kupangira kwapadera

Kupangira mwapadera kumaphatikizapo kupanga ma roll forging, wedge transverse rolling, radial forging, liquid die forging ndi njira zina zopangira, njirazi ndizoyenera kwambiri popanga zigawo zina zapadera. Mwachitsanzo, kupanga ma roll kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yothandiza yopangira zinthu kuti muchepetse kwambiri kupanikizika kwa mapangidwe; wedge transverse rolling ikhoza kupanga mpira wachitsulo, drive shaft ndi radial forging zimatha kupanga ma forging akuluakulu monga mfuti ndi step shaft.

5) Kupanga nkhungu

Malinga ndi njira yoyendetsera ntchito yopangira, kupanga kungagawidwe m'magulu monga swing rolling, swing rotary forging, roll forging, wedge transverse rolling, rolling ring ndi indeleted rolling. Roll-rolling, swing-rotary forging ndi rolling ring zitha kukonzedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito fine forging. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo kuchuluka kwa zinthu, rolling forging ndi transverse rolling zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yoyamba yopangira zinthu zoonda. Rotary forging, monga free forging, ilinso ndi ubwino wakuti poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa forging, imatha kupangidwa ngati mphamvu yaying'ono yopangira. Njira yopangira, kuphatikizapo free forging, processing devices kuchokera pamwamba pa nkhungu kupita pamwamba pa nkhungu, chifukwa chake, zimakhala zovuta kutsimikizira kulondola, kotero, forging movement direction ndi rotary forging process with computer control, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mphamvu zochepa zopangira mawonekedwe ovuta, zinthu zolondola kwambiri, monga mitundu yopanga, kukula kwakukulu kwa nthunzi ya turbine blade forgings.

Kuyenda kwa nkhungu kwa zida zopangira sikukugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa ufulu. Malinga ndi makhalidwe a dead point deficit limitations, zida zopangira zitha kugawidwa m'njira zinayi izi:

Kuchepetsa mphamvu yopangira: kuthamanga kwa mafuta kumayendetsa mwachindunji makina osindikizira mafuta otsetsereka.

Njira yochepetsera kuthamanga kwa mafuta: makina osindikizira mafuta amayendetsa makina osindikizira mafuta a makina olumikizirana a crank.

Malire a sitiroko: makina osindikizira omwe amayendetsa slide pogwiritsa ntchito crank, ndodo yolumikizira ndi njira yolumikizira.

Njira yoletsa mphamvu: pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizira zozungulira ndi zosindikizira zokangana.

Kuti tikwaniritse kulondola kwakukulu, tiyenera kusamala kuti tisamachulukitse katundu pamalo otsika a dead point ndikuwongolera liwiro ndi malo a die. Chifukwa izi zidzakhudza kulekerera kwa forging, kulondola kwa mawonekedwe ndi moyo wa die forging. Kuphatikiza apo, kuti tisunge kulondola, tiyeneranso kusamala kuti tisinthe malo a njanji ya slider guide, tiwonetsetse kuuma kwake, tisinthe malo a dead point ndikugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chotumizira ndalama zothandizira ndi njira zina.

Palinso kuyenda koyima ndi kopingasa kwa masilayidi (pakupanga ziwalo zoonda, kuziziritsa mafuta, ndi kupanga mwachangu kwa ziwalo zopangira), kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cholipirira kumatha kuwonjezera kuyenda kwina. Njira zomwe zili pamwambapa ndizosiyana, mphamvu yofunikira yopangira, njira, kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu, kukolola, kulekerera kukula ndi njira zoziziritsira mafuta ndizosiyana, zinthu izi ndi zomwe zimakhudzanso mulingo wa automation.

3. Zipangizo zopangira

Zipangizo zopangira zinthu makamaka ndi chitsulo cha kaboni ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kutsatiridwa ndi aluminiyamu, magnesium, mkuwa, titaniyamu ndi zinthu zake zosakanikirana. Mkhalidwe woyambirira wa zinthuzo ndi ndodo, ingot, ufa wachitsulo ndi chitsulo chamadzimadzi. Chiŵerengero cha dera lozungulira chitsulocho chisanasinthe kupita ku dera lozungulira pambuyo pa kusintha chimatchedwa chiŵerengero cha kupanga. Kusankha kolondola kwa chiŵerengero cha kupanga zinthu, kutentha koyenera kutentha ndi nthawi yotenthetsera, kutentha koyambira koyenera komanso kutentha komaliza kwa kupanga zinthu, kusintha koyenera ndi liwiro la kusintha zinthu zili ndi ubale wabwino kwambiri kuti zinthu ziwongolere bwino ndikuchepetsa mtengo.

Kawirikawiri zokumbira zazing'ono ndi zapakati zimakhala zozungulira kapena za sikweya ngati ndodo. Kapangidwe ka tirigu ndi kapangidwe ka makina a ndodo ndi kofanana, kabwino, mawonekedwe ndi kukula kolondola, kabwino pamwamba, kosavuta kukonza kupanga zinthu zambiri. Bola kutentha ndi kusintha kwa kutentha zikuyendetsedwa bwino, zokumbira zomwe zili ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino zimatha kupangidwa popanda kusintha kwakukulu kwa zokumbira.

Iningot yokha ndi yopangira zinthu zazikulu. Ingot ndi minofu yotayidwa yokhala ndi makristalo akuluakulu okhala ndi pakati lotayirira. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuswa makristaro ozungulira kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikupanga kukanikizana kotayirira kuti pakhale kulinganiza bwino kwa chitsulo ndi mphamvu zamakina.

Chitsulo chopangidwa ndi ufa wophikidwa ndi woyaka moto chikhoza kupangidwa popanda kufa mbali ya ntchentche ikatentha. Ufa wopangira uli pafupi ndi kuchuluka kwa ufa wamba, wokhala ndi makhalidwe abwino a makina komanso kulondola kwambiri, zomwe zimachepetsa makina otsatira. Zopangira ufa zimakonzedwa bwino popanda kusiyanitsa ndipo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zinthu monga zida zazing'ono. Koma mtengo wa ufa ndi wokwera kwambiri kuposa mtengo wa bala wamba, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito popanga kumakhala kochepa.

Kupanikizika kosasinthasintha kumayikidwa pa chitsulo chamadzimadzi chomwe chimathiridwa mu chipinda cha nkhungu kuti chikhale cholimba, chofewa, choyenda, chosinthika ndi kupangidwa pansi pa kupanikizika, motero kupeza mawonekedwe ndi magwiridwe antchito omwe mukufuna. Kupangira die metal yamadzimadzi ndi njira yopangira pakati pa kuponya die ndi kupanga die. Ndi yoyenera makamaka pazinthu zovuta zokhala ndi khoma lopyapyala zomwe zimakhala zovuta kupanga popanga die.

Kupangira zinthu kuwonjezera pa zipangizo wamba, monga zigawo zosiyanasiyana za chitsulo cha kaboni ndi zitsulo zotayidwa, kutsatiridwa ndi aluminiyamu, magnesium, mkuwa, titaniyamu ndi aloyi ake, aloyi wotentha kwambiri wochokera ku chitsulo, aloyi wotentha kwambiri wochokera ku nickel, aloyi wotentha kwambiri wochokera ku cobalt wochokera ku aloyi wotayidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira kapena yozungulira, koma aloyi awa chifukwa cha malo ake apulasitiki ndi ochepa, kotero kuti zovuta zopangira ndi zazikulu, zipangizo zosiyanasiyana za kutentha kutentha, kutentha kwa forging ndi kutentha komaliza kwa forging zili ndi zofunikira zokhwima.

4. Kuyenda kwa njira

Njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira zili ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe njira yaukadaulo yopangira zinthu zotentha ndiyo yayitali kwambiri, dongosolo lonse ndi ili: kudyetsa zinthu zotentha; kutentha; kukonzekera kupanga zinthu zozungulira; kupanga zinthu zozungulira; kudula; kupukuta; kukonza; kuyang'anira pakati, kuyang'ana kukula ndi zolakwika pamwamba pa zinthu zopangira zinthu; kukonza kutentha kwa zinthu zopangira zinthu kuti muchotse kupsinjika kwa zinthu zopangira zinthu ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito odulira zitsulo; kuyeretsa, makamaka kuchotsa khungu lokhuthala pamwamba; kukonza; kuyang'anira, zinthu zopangira zinthu zonse ziyenera kuyesedwa ndi kuyang'aniridwa kolimba, ndipo zinthu zofunika ziyenera kuyesedwa kudzera mu kusanthula kapangidwe ka mankhwala, mawonekedwe a makina, kupsinjika kotsalira komanso kuyesa kosawononga.

5. Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zomangira

Poyerekeza ndi zinthu zotayidwa, chitsulo chimatha kusintha kapangidwe kake ndi mphamvu zake zamagetsi. Kutaya minofu pambuyo poyikira njira yotenthetsera kutentha, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chitsulo ndi recrystallization, kumapangitsa kuti dendrite yoyambirira yokhuthala ndi tirigu wa columnar zikhale bwino, kukula kwake kukhala kofanana ndi bungwe la axial recrystallization, kupanga kusiyana koyambirira, kumasuka, ma pores, slag mpaka compaction ndi welding, bungweli limakhala loyandikira kwambiri, kusintha plasticity ndi mphamvu zake zamagetsi.
Kapangidwe ka makina a zinthu zoponyera ndi kotsika kuposa ka zinthu zomwezo. Kuphatikiza apo, kukonza zinthu zoponyera kungatsimikizire kuti kapangidwe ka ulusi wachitsulo kakupitirizabe, kotero kuti kapangidwe ka ulusi wa chinthucho ndi mawonekedwe ake, kusinthasintha kwa chitsulo kumalizidwa, kungathe kutsimikizira kuti ziwalozo zili ndi makhalidwe abwino a makina komanso moyo wautali wautumiki. Zinthu zoponyera zopangidwa ndi precision die forging, cold extrusion, temperature extrusion ndi njira zina sizingafanane ndi zinthu zoponyera.
Kupangira ndi chinthu chomwe chitsulo chimayikidwa pansi pa kupanikizika kuti chipange mawonekedwe omwe mukufuna kapena kupanga mphamvu yoyenera yokakamiza. Mphamvu imeneyi nthawi zambiri imapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito nyundo kapena kukakamiza. Njira yopangira imapanga kapangidwe ka tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndipo imasintha mawonekedwe a chitsulocho. Pogwiritsa ntchito ziwalozo, kapangidwe koyenera kamapangitsa tinthuto kuyenda molunjika ku kukakamiza kwakukulu. Kupangira ndi chinthu chopangira chitsulo chomwe chimapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zoponyera, monga kusungunula chitsulo chamadzimadzi, ndi kutsanulira, kukanikiza, kuyamwa kapena njira zina zoponyera mu kuponyera kokonzedwa, kuziziritsa mchenga, kuyeretsa ndi kukonza pambuyo pake, chinthucho chokhala ndi mawonekedwe enaake, kukula ndi magwiridwe antchito.