Kora siyansi ikundwa

Gucura yerekeza ku ikoreshwa ry'imashini zikora ubutare kugira ngo zishyire igitutu ku gikoresho cy'icyuma kugira ngo ziteze imbere impinduka mu buryo bwa pulasitiki, kugira ngo haboneke imiterere runaka ya mashini, imiterere yihariye n'ingano ya mashini zikora ubutare, ni kimwe mu bice bibiri by'ingenzi bya mashini zikora ubutare (harimo no gushushanya no gusiga). Binyuze mu gushushanya, bishobora gukuraho inenge nko gushongesha ibyuma, no kunoza imiterere ya microstructure. Muri icyo gihe, kubera ko icyuma cyose kigumana uburyo bwacyo, imiterere ya mashini zikora ubutare iba myiza kuruta gushushanya ibikoresho bimwe. Mu mashini zibishinzwe, ku bice by'ingenzi bifite umutwaro mwinshi n'imikorere ikomeye, uretse imiterere yoroshye ishobora gukoresha icyuma gipfundikiye, imiterere cyangwa ibice byo gusudira, inyinshi muri zo zizakoreshwa.

1. Ubushyuhe bwo guhindura imiterere

Ubushyuhe bw'icyuma gitangira gukoreshwa mu byuma ni hafi 727℃, ariko 800℃ muri rusange ikoreshwa nk'umurongo ugabanya, hejuru ya 800℃ ni ubushyuhe bukabije; hagati ya 300 na 800℃ byitwa ubushyuhe bushyushye cyangwa ubushyuhe bukabije, ubushyuhe bushyushye mu cyumba bwitwa ubushyuhe bukabije. Ubushyuhe bukoreshwa mu nganda nyinshi ni ubushyuhe bushyushye, naho ubushyuhe bushyushye n'ubushyuhe bukabije bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gucura imodoka, imashini rusange n'ibindi bice. Ubushyuhe bushyushye n'ubushyuhe bukabije bishobora kuzigama ibikoresho neza.

2. Icyiciro cya forge

Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, hakurikijwe ubushyuhe bw'ubucukuzi, bushobora kugabanywamo gushyuha, gushyuha no gukonjesha. Dukurikije uburyo bwo gushushanya, gucura bishobora kugabanywamo gucura bidafite ishingiro, gucura bikozwe mu buryo bwa die, gusya impeta n'imashini zidasanzwe.

1) Gucura ku buntu

Bivuga uburyo bwo gutunganya ibikoresho byoroshye cyangwa gukoresha imbaraga zo hanze mu buryo butaziguye hagati y’icyuma cyo hejuru n’icyo hasi cy’ibikoresho byo gucura kugira ngo uhindure ahantu hadakoreshejwe kandi ubone imiterere ikenewe n’ubwiza bw’imbere bw’ibikoresho byo gucura. Uburyo bwo gucura bukorwa n’uburyo bwo gucura bwigenga bwitwa free forgings. Free forging ishingiye ahanini ku gukora forgings hakoreshejwe itsinda rito, hakoreshejwe inyundo yo gucura, icyuma gikanda gikozwe mu buryo bwa hydraulic n’ibindi bikoresho byo gucura kugira ngo hakorwe kandi hatunganywe billet, kandi haboneke forgings zujuje ibisabwa. Inzira y’ibanze yo gucura yigenga irimo gukurura, kongera, gukubita, gukata, kunama, guhindagura, gukuraho no gucura. Free forging byose bikorwa mu buryo bwo gucura bushyushye.

2) Gutunganya ibumba

Gucukura ifumbire y'ibumba bigabanyijemo ibice bibiri: gucukura ifumbire y'ibumba ifunguye n'ugufukura ifumbire y'ibumba ifunze. Icupa ry'icyuma rishyirwa mu cyumba cy'ibumba rifite imiterere runaka kugira ngo ribone ibice by'ibumba. Gucukura ifumbire y'ibumba muri rusange bikoreshwa mu gukora ibice bito n'ibinini. Gucukura ifumbire y'ibumba bishobora kugabanywamo gucukura ifumbire y'ibumba ishyushye, gucukura ifumbire y'ibumba ishyushye n'ugucukura ifumbire y'ibumba ikonje. Gucukura ifumbire y'ibumba n'ugucukura ifumbire y'ibumba ni icyerekezo cy'iterambere ry'ifumbire y'ibumba mu gihe kizaza, kandi binagaragaza urwego rw'ikoranabuhanga ryo gucukura.

Dukurikije ingingo z'ibikoresho, imashini zikora imashini zishobora kandi kugabanywamo imashini zikora imashini zikora imashini zikoresha ibyuma by'umukara, imashini zikora imashini zikoresha ibyuma bidakoresha ibyuma n'imashini zikora ifu. Nk'uko izina ribigaragaza, ibikoresho ni ibyuma bikoresha ibyuma nka Icupa rya karubonil, ibyuma bidafite feri nka umuringa na aluminiyumu, hamwe n'ibikoresho by'icyuma bikozwe mu ifu.

Gusohora ibintu bigomba kwitwa ko biva mu gucura ibintu biremereye, kandi bishobora kugabanywamo gusohora ibintu mu byuma bikomeye n'ugusohora ibintu mu byuma byoroheje.

Gufunga die forging n'ingufu zo gufunga umutwe bigizwe n'ibikorwa bibiri bigezweho byo gufunga die forging. Kubera ko nta nkombe iguruka, igipimo cyo gukoresha ibikoresho ni kinini. Kurangiza gufunga ibintu bigoye bishobora gukorwa mu buryo bumwe cyangwa bwinshi. Kubera ko nta nkombe iguruka, agace gakomeye k'ingufu zo gufunga karagabanuka, kandi umutwaro ukenewe nawo uragabanuka. Ariko, ni ngombwa kumenya ko billet idakwiye kugabanywa burundu, bityo ingano ya billet igomba kugenzurwa neza, aho icupa ry'ingufu riherereye n'uburyo icupa ry'ingufu ripimwe, kandi tugaharanira kugabanya kwangirika kwa billet.

3) Kugera ku mpeta

Gusya impeta bivuga gukora ibice by'impeta bifite uburebure butandukanye binyuze mu mashini isya impeta, ikoreshwa kandi mu gukora ibice by'impeta nk'amapine y'imodoka n'amapine ya gari ya moshi.

4) Ubucuzi bwihariye

Uburyo bwihariye bwo gucura burimo gucura imigozi, gucura imigozi ihindagurika, gucura imigozi, gucura imigozi n'ubundi buryo bwo gucura, ubu buryo bukwiriye cyane mu gukora ibice bimwe na bimwe bifite ishusho yihariye. Urugero, gucura imigozi bishobora gukoreshwa nk'uburyo bwiza bwo gutegura kugira ngo bigabanye cyane igitutu cyo gucura nyuma; gucura imigozi ihindagurika bishobora gukora umupira w'icyuma, gucura imigozi no gucura imigozi binini nk'umugozi w'imbunda n'umugozi w'intambwe.

5) Gucura ibumba

Dukurikije uburyo bwo kugenda bwa forging die, forging ishobora kugabanywamo swing rolling, swing rotary forging, roll forging, wedge transverse rolling, rolling ring na illegned rolling. Roll-rolling, swing-rotary forging na rolling ring nabyo bishobora gutunganywa hakoreshejwe fine forging. Kugira ngo hongerwe umuvuduko w'ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho, rolling forging na transverse rolling bishobora gukoreshwa nk'uburyo bwa mbere bwo gutunganya ibikoresho bito. Rotary forging, kimwe na free forging, ifite kandi akarusho ko ugereranije n'ingano y'imashini, ishobora gukorwa mu gihe hari imbaraga nto zo gucura. Uburyo bwo gucura, harimo free forging, gutunganya ibikoresho kuva ku buso bw'ibumba kugera ku buso bw'ibumba, bityo, biragoye kwemeza ko ari inyangamugayo, bityo, icyerekezo cy'imashini yo gucura no gucura rotant hamwe na mudasobwa control, bishobora gukoreshwa imbaraga nke zo gucura kubera imiterere igoye, ibicuruzwa bifite ubuhanga bwinshi, nk'ubwoko bw'umusaruro, ingano nini y'ibyuma bitanga umwuka.

Uburyo ibikoresho byo gucura bigenda mu buryo bunyuranye n'urwego rw'ubwisanzure. Dukurikije imiterere y'imiterere y'ikintu kidahinduka, ibikoresho byo gucura bishobora kugabanywamo imiterere ine ikurikira:

Kugabanya imbaraga zo gucura: igitutu cy'amavuta gitwara neza imashini isohora amavuta.

Uburyo bwo kugabanya stroke: imashini ikanda amavuta iyobora imashini ikanda amavuta yo mu gice cyo guhuza crank.

Umupaka w'ingufu: gukanda icyuma gikoresha icyuma gikurura icyuma, inkoni ihuza n'uburyo bwo gukata icyuma.

Uburyo bwo kugabanya ingufu: hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukurura uruziga rw'icyuma gikanda ku buryo bwo kuzunguruka no kugongana.

Kugira ngo hagerwe ku buziranenge buhanitse, hakwiye kwitabwaho cyane kugira ngo hirindwe kurenza urugero rw’ibintu biri hasi kandi hagenzurwe umuvuduko n’aho bihagarara. Kubera ko ibi bizagira ingaruka ku buhanga bwo gucura, ku buryo bufatika bwo gushushanya no ku buzima bw’icyuma cyo gucura. Byongeye kandi, kugira ngo ubuziranenge bukomeze, hakwiye kwitabwaho no guhindura aho umuhanda unyura, kugenzura ubukana bw’imodoka, guhindura aho ihagarara, no gukoresha igikoresho cyo kohereza inkunga n’ibindi bipimo.

Hariho kandi uburyo bwo kugenda buhagaze n'ubutambitse bw'amadirishya (ku bice bito bito bicurwa, gukonjesha amavuta, no gukora vuba cyane ibice bicurwa), gukoresha igikoresho cyo kwishyura bishobora kongera ingendo mu bindi byerekezo. Uburyo bwavuzwe haruguru buratandukanye, imbaraga zisabwa zo gucurwa, inzira, ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho, umusaruro, ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ingano n'uburyo bwo gukonjesha amavuta biratandukanye, ibi bintu nabyo ni ibintu bigira ingaruka ku rwego rw'imikorere y'ikoranabuhanga.

3. Ibikoresho byo gucura

Ibikoresho byo gucukura ahanini ni icyuma cya karuboni n'icyuma cy'ubutare bigizwe n'ibice bitandukanye, bikurikirwa na aluminiyumu, manyeziyumu, umuringa, titaniyumu n'ibindi bikoresho byabyo. Imiterere y'umwimerere y'ibikoresho ni ibikoresho by'inkoni, ingot, ifu y'icyuma n'icyuma cy'amazi. Igipimo cy'agace k'icyuma mbere yo gucukura n'agace k'igice nyuma yo gucukura cyitwa igipimo cyo gucukura. Guhitamo neza igipimo cyo gucukura, ubushyuhe bukwiye bwo gushyushya n'igihe cyo gushyushya, ubushyuhe bukwiye bwo gutangira gucukura n'ubushyuhe bwa nyuma bwo gucukura, gucukura neza n'umuvuduko wo gucukura bifite isano ikomeye yo kunoza ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa no kugabanya ikiguzi.

Muri rusange, ibikoresho bito n'ibiciriritse biba bifite urutoki ruzengurutse cyangwa kare nk'urutoki. Imiterere y'ingano n'imiterere y'ibikoresho by'urutoki ni bimwe, ni byiza, bifite imiterere n'ingano nyayo, bifite ubwiza bwiza ku buso, kandi biroroshye gutegura umusaruro mwinshi. Igihe cyose ubushyuhe n'imiterere y'ubushyuhe bigenzurwa neza, ibikoresho bifite imikorere myiza bishobora gucurwa nta gucurwa gukomeye.

Iningot ikoreshwa gusa mu gucura ibintu binini. Ingot ni agace gakozwemo kristu nini kandi gafite hagati. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa gucamo kristu zizunguruka mo uduce duto no gukora uduce duto kugira ngo icyuma cyiza gitunganywe neza kandi kigire imiterere myiza.

Ifu ikaranze kandi ishyushye ishobora gucurwa nta kintu kiyikozeho mu gihe ishyushye. Ifu ikaranze iri hafi y’ubucucike bw’imashini ikaranze, ifite imiterere myiza ya mekanike kandi ifite ubuziranenge bwinshi, ibi bikaba bishobora kugabanya uburyo ikorwa nyuma. Imashini zikaranze ziteguye neza nta gutandukanya kandi zishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho nk'ibikoresho bito. Ariko igiciro cy'ifu kiri hejuru cyane ugereranyije n'igiciro cy'imashini ikaranze, kandi ikoreshwa mu gukora rigarukira ku rugero runaka.

Umuvuduko udahinduka ushyirwa ku cyuma gisukwa mu cyumba cy’ibumba kugira ngo gikomere, gihinduke, gitemba, gihinduke pulasitiki kandi gikoreshwe munsi y’umuvuduko, bityo kibone imiterere n’imikorere byifuzwa. Uburyo bwo gushushanya icyuma gikozwe mu mazi ni uburyo bwo gushushanya hagati yo gushushanya no gushushanya. Bikwiriye cyane cyane ibice bigoye ku rukuta rugufi bigoranye gushushanya muri rusange.

Ibikoresho byo gucura usibye ibikoresho bisanzwe, nk'ibice bitandukanye by'icyuma cya karuboni n'icyuma cya alloy, hagakurikiraho aluminiyumu, manyeziyumu, umuringa, titaniyumu n'icyuma cyayo, alloy ishingiye ku bushyuhe bwinshi ishingiye ku cyuma, alloy ishingiye ku bushyuhe bwinshi ishingiye kuri nikeli, alloy ishingiye ku bushyuhe bwinshi ishingiye kuri kobalti hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gucura cyangwa guzunguruka, ariko iyi alloy kubera ubuso bwayo bwa pulasitiki ni ntoya cyane, bityo ikibazo cyo gucura ni kinini, ibikoresho bitandukanye by'ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya, ubushyuhe bwo gucura n'ubushyuhe bwa nyuma bwo gucura bifite ibisabwa bikomeye.

4. Urugendo rw'ibikorwa

Uburyo butandukanye bwo gucura bufite inzira zitandukanye, muri zo inzira y'ikoranabuhanga yo gucura ishyushye ni yo ndende cyane, muri rusange ni: gukamura ibyuma bishyushye; gushyushya; gutegura ibyuma bizunguruka; gukamura ibyuma; guca ibyuma; gukosora; kugenzura hagati, kugenzura ingano n'ubusembwa bw'ibicuruzwa; kuvura ubushyuhe bw'ibicuruzwa kugira ngo bikureho ubukana bw'ibicuruzwa no kunoza imikorere yo gukata ibyuma; gusukura, ahanini kugira ngo hakurweho uruhu rwo hejuru; gukosora; kugenzura, gukamura ibyuma rusange bigomba kunyura mu igenzura ry'imiterere n'ubukana, kandi gukamura ibyuma by'ingenzi bigomba kugeragezwa binyuze mu gusesengura imiterere y'ibinyabutabire, imiterere ya mekanike, ubukana bw'ibisigaye n'ibizamini bitangiza.

5. Ibiranga ibyuma bicukurwamo

Ugereranyije n'ibicukurwa, icyuma gishobora kunoza imiterere yacyo n'imiterere ya mekanike. Gucukura tissue nyuma yo gucukura uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe, bitewe no guhinduka kw'icyuma no kongera gucukura, bituma dendrite nini y'umwimerere n'ingano ya columnar bihinduka ingano ntoya, ingano imwe ingana na axial recrystallization, bigatuma imiterere ya mbere itandukana, irekuye, imyenge, slag kugeza ku gufunga no gusudira, imiterere iba hafi cyane, yongera imiterere ya mekanike y'icyuma.
Imiterere ya mashini yo gucukura iri hasi ugereranyije n’iy’ibikoresho bimwe. Byongeye kandi, gutunganya ibyuma bishobora kwemeza ko imiterere ya fibre y’icyuma ikomeza, bityo imiterere ya fibre y’icyuma n’imiterere yacyo, uburyo icyuma gitunganywa byuzuye, bishobora kwemeza ko ibice bifite imiterere myiza ya mashini kandi bimara igihe kirekire. Imiterere yakozwe hakoreshejwe precision die forging, cold extrusion, extrusion y’ubushyuhe n’izindi nzira ntagereranywa n’imiterere ya mashini.
Gucukura ni ikintu icyuma gishyirwamo igitutu kugira ngo gikore ishusho wifuza cyangwa kigire imbaraga zikwiye zo gukanda. Izi mbaraga zikunze kugerwaho hakoreshejwe inyundo cyangwa igitutu. Uburyo bwo gucukura bubaka imiterere myiza y'uduce tw'icyuma kandi bunoza imiterere y'umubiri w'icyuma. Mu gukoresha neza ibice, igishushanyo mbonera gikwiye gituma uduce dutembera mu cyerekezo cy'igitutu nyamukuru. Gucukura ni ikintu gikozwe mu byuma kiboneka hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo gucukura, aribwo gushongesha icyuma cy'amazi, hakoreshejwe gusuka, gukanda, gukurura cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gucukura mu gitutu cyateguwe, gukonjesha nyuma y'umucanga, gusukura no gutunganya nyuma yo kugitunganya, ikintu gifite imiterere runaka, ingano n'imikorere runaka.