Hoʻokumu i ka ʻepekema kaulana

Ke kāhiko ʻana ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mīkini hana e hoʻopili i ke kaomi i ka bila metala e hoʻolaha i ka deformation plastic, i mea e loaʻa ai kekahi mau waiwai mechanical, ke ʻano kikoʻī a me ka nui o ka hana ʻana, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻāpana nui ʻelua o ka hana ʻana (me ka hana ʻana a me ka stamping). Ma o ka hana ʻana, hiki iā ia ke hoʻopau i nā hemahema e like me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka metala, a hoʻonui i ka microstructure. I ka manawa like, no ka mea ua mālama ʻia ke kahawai metala piha, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai mechanical o ka hana ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻolei ʻana o ka mea like. I nā mīkini pili, no nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi me ke kaumaha kiʻekiʻe a me nā kūlana hana koʻikoʻi, koe wale nō ke ʻano maʻalahi e hiki ke hoʻohana i ka papa i ʻōwili ʻia, profile a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻāpana welding, e hoʻohana ʻia ka hapa nui o nā hana ʻana.

1. Mahana hoʻololi ʻano

ʻO ka mahana hoʻomaka o ka recrystallization o ke kila ma kahi o 727 ℃, akā ʻo 800 ℃ ka mea maʻamau e hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he laina mahele, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 800 ℃ ka forging wela; ma waena o 300 a me 800 ℃ ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka forging mahana a i ʻole ka forging semi-wela, ʻo ka forging ma ka mahana o ka lumi ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka forging anuanu. ʻO nā forgings i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana he forging wela, a ʻo ka forging mahana a me ka forging anuanu e hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka forging o ke kaʻa, nā mīkini maʻamau a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. Hiki i ka forging mahana a me ka forging anuanu ke mālama pono i nā mea.

2. Māhele Forge

E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, e like me ka mahana o ka forging, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka forging wela, ka forging mahana a me ka forging anu. Wahi a ke ʻano hana hoʻokumu, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka forging i ka forging manuahi, ka forging make, ke apo wili a me ka forging kūikawā.

1) Ka hana lima manuahi

ʻO ke ʻano hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana maʻalahi a i ʻole ke kau pololei ʻana i ka ikaika o waho i ka billet ma waena o ke anvil o luna a me lalo o nā lako hana forging e hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka blank a loaʻa ke ʻano geometry a me ke ʻano kūloko o nā forgings. ʻO nā forgings i hana ʻia e ke ʻano forging manuahi ua kapa ʻia he forgings manuahi. Hoʻokumu nui ʻia ka forging manuahi ma ka hana ʻana o nā forgings me ka puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hāmare forging, ka mīkini paʻi hydraulic a me nā lako hana forging ʻē aʻe e hana a hana i ka billet, a loaʻa nā forgings kūpono. ʻO ke kaʻina hana kumu o ka forging manuahi e pili ana i ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana, ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana, ka punching, ka ʻoki ʻana, ke kūlou ʻana, ka wili ʻana, ka dislocation a me ka forging. Hoʻohana ʻia ka forging manuahi i ke ʻano forging wela.

2) Ka hana ʻana i ka mold

Ua māhele ʻia ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana make hāmama a me nā ʻāpana make pani. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻololi ʻia ka ʻāpana metala i loko o ke keʻena make forging me kekahi ʻano e loaʻa ai nā ʻāpana forging. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana kaumaha liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻāpana nui. Hiki ke māhele ʻia ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana make wela, ka hana ʻana i nā mea mehana a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea anu. ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā mea mehana a me ke hana ʻana i nā mea anu ke kuhikuhi hoʻomohala e hiki mai ana o ka hana ʻana i nā mea make, a ke hōʻike nei hoʻi lākou i ka pae o ka ʻenehana forging.

Wahi a nā kiko mea, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka make forging i ka black metal die forging, nonferrous metal die forging a me nā huahana pauka e hana ana. E like me ka inoa e hōʻike nei, ʻo nā mea hana he ferrous metals e like me Ke kila kalaponal, nā metala hao ʻole e like me ke keleawe a me ka alumini, a me nā mea hana metallurgy pauka.

Pono e hoʻopili ʻia ka extrusion i ka forging make, a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka extrusion metala kaumaha a me ka extrusion metala māmā.

ʻO ka hana ʻana i ka make pani a me ka hana ʻana i ke poʻo pani no ʻelua mau kaʻina hana holomua o ka hana ʻana i ka make. No ka mea, ʻaʻohe lihi lele, kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea. Hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā hana ʻana i nā hana paʻakikī i hoʻokahi kaʻina hana a i ʻole kekahi mau kaʻina hana. No ka mea, ʻaʻohe lihi lele, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka wahi kaumaha o ka hana ʻana, a ua hoʻemi ʻia hoʻi ke kaumaha e pono ai. Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole pono e kaupalena loa ʻia ka billet, no laila e hoʻomalu pono ʻia ka nui o ka billet, ke kūlana pili o ka make forging a me ke ana o ka forging, a e hoʻoikaika e hōʻemi i ke komo ʻana o ka make forging.

3) E hōʻea i ke apo

ʻO ka wili apo e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o nā ʻāpana apo o nā diameters like ʻole ma o nā lako mīkini wili apo kūikawā, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana huila e like me nā huila kaʻa a me nā huila kaʻaahi.

4) Ka hana ʻana kūikawā

ʻO ka forging kūikawā e komo pū me ka roll forging, wedge transverse rolling, radial forging, liquid die forging a me nā ʻano forging ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka kūpono o kēia mau ʻano no ka hana ʻana o kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻano kūikawā. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka roll forging ma ke ʻano he kaʻina hana hoʻomākaukau mua e hōʻemi nui i ke kaomi hoʻokumu ma hope; hiki i ka wedge transverse rolling ke hana i ka pōpō kila, hiki i ka drive shaft a me ka radial forging ke hana i nā forgings nui e like me ka pū pū a me ke koʻokoʻo step.

5) Hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ʻōpala

Wahi a ke ʻano neʻe o ka make forging, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka forging i ka swing rolling, swing rotary forging, roll forging, wedge transverse rolling, rolling ring a me ka inclined rolling. Hiki ke hana ʻia ka roll-rolling, swing-rotary forging a me ke apo rolling ma o ka forging maikaʻi. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka helu hoʻohana o nā mea, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka rolling forging a me ka transverse rolling ma ke ʻano he hana mua o nā mea lahilahi. ʻO ka forging Rotary, e like me ka forging manuahi, loaʻa iā ia ka pōmaikaʻi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o ka forging, hiki ke hana ʻia i ka hihia o ka ikaika forging liʻiliʻi. ʻO ke ʻano forging, me ka forging manuahi, ka hana ʻana i nā mea mai ka ʻili mold a i ka ʻili manuahi, no laila, he paʻakikī ke hōʻoia i ka pololei, no laila, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kuhikuhi neʻe ʻana o ka mold forging a me ke kaʻina hana forging rotary me ka mana kamepiula, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ikaika forging haʻahaʻa no ke ʻano paʻakikī, nā huahana kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā ʻano hana, ka nui o ka forgings blade turbine mahu.

ʻAʻole kūlike ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻōmole o nā lako hana forging me ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kūʻokoʻa. Wahi a nā ʻano palena deformation o ke kiko make, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lako hana forging i nā ʻano ʻehā:

Ke kaupalena nei i ke ʻano ikaika forging: hoʻokele pololei ke kaomi aila i ka paʻi aila slide.

ʻO ke ʻano palena Quasi-stroke: hoʻokele ka mīkini ʻaila i ka mīkini ʻaila o ka ʻōnaehana linkage crank.

Palena hahau: kaomi mechanical e hoʻokele ana i ka paheʻe e ka crank, ke koʻokoʻo hoʻohui a me ka mīkini wedge.

Ke ʻano hoʻopāpā ikehu: me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana wili o ka mīkini wili a me ka friction.

I mea e loaʻa ai ka pololei kiʻekiʻe, pono e mālama ʻia e pale aku i ka hoʻouka nui ʻana ma ke kiko make haʻahaʻa a kāohi i ka wikiwiki a me ke kūlana make. No ka mea, e loaʻa kēia mau mea i ka hoʻomanawanui forging, ka pololei o ke ʻano a me ke ola make forging. Eia kekahi, i mea e mālama ai i ka pololei, pono e mālama ʻia hoʻi e hoʻoponopono i ka ʻae ʻana o ke alahao alakaʻi slider, e hōʻoia i ka paʻakikī, e hoʻoponopono i ke kiko make a hoʻohana i ka hāmeʻa hoʻoili kākoʻo a me nā hana ʻē aʻe.

Aia kekahi neʻe ʻana o nā paheʻe kū pololei a me ka pae (no ka forging ʻāpana lahilahi, ka hoʻoluʻu lubrication, a me ka hana wikiwiki o ka forging ʻāpana), me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hāmeʻa uku hiki ke hoʻonui i ka neʻe ʻana i nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe. He ʻokoʻa nā ʻano hana i luna, ʻokoʻa ka ikaika forging e pono ai, ke kaʻina hana, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea, ka hua, ka hoʻomanawanui nui a me nā ʻano hoʻoluʻu lubrication, ʻo kēia mau mea kekahi mau mea e hoʻopilikia ana i ka pae o ka automation.

3. Nā mea hana hao

ʻO nā mea hana hao he kila kalapona a me ke kila huila o nā ʻāpana like ʻole, a ukali ʻia e ka alumini, magnesium, keleawe, titanium a me kā lākou mau huila. ʻO ke kūlana mua o ka mea he mea koʻokoʻo, ingot, pauka metala a me ka metala wai. ʻO ka lakio o ka ʻāpana ʻāpana o ka metala ma mua o ka deformation i ka ʻāpana ʻāpana ma hope o ka deformation ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka lakio forging. ʻO ke koho pololei o ka lakio forging, ka mahana hoʻomehana kūpono a me ka manawa insulation, ka mahana hoʻomaka kūpono a me ka mahana forging hope loa, ka deformation kūpono a me ka wikiwiki deformation he pilina maikaʻi loa ia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana a hoʻemi i ke kumukūʻai.

ʻO ka maʻamau, he poepoe a he huinahā paha nā forgings liʻiliʻi a me ka nui e like me ka billet. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka palaoa a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka mea koʻokoʻo he like, maikaʻi, pololei ke ʻano a me ka nui, maikaʻi ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili, maʻalahi ke hoʻonohonoho i ka hana nui. Inā mālama pono ʻia ka mahana hoʻomehana a me nā kūlana deformation, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā forgings me ka hana maikaʻi loa me ka ʻole o ka deformation forging nui.

ʻO ka ʻinika wale nō no nā mea hoʻoheheʻe nui. He ʻiʻo i hoʻolei ʻia ka ʻinika me nā kristal kolamu nui a me kahi kikowaena wehe. No laila, pono e wāwahi i nā kristal cylindrical i loko o nā hua liʻiliʻi a hana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana wehe e loaʻa ai ka hoʻonohonoho metala maikaʻi a me nā waiwai mechanical.

Hiki ke hana ʻia ka billet metallurgy pauka i kaomi ʻia a puhi ʻia me ka ʻole o ka make ʻaoʻao lele i ke kūlana wela. Ua kokoke ka pauka forging i ka mānoanoa o ka forging make maʻamau, me nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi a me ka pololei kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hōʻemi i ka mīkini ma hope. Hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻia nā forgings pauka me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā ʻāpana hana e like me nā mea liʻiliʻi. Akā ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai o ka pauka ma mua o ke kumukūʻai o ka pā maʻamau, a ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana ʻana i kekahi ʻano.

Hoʻopili ʻia ke kaomi paʻa i ka metala wai i ninini ʻia i loko o ke keʻena hoʻoheheʻe no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ka crystallization, ke kahe ʻana, ka deformation plastic a me ke kūkulu ʻana ma lalo o ke kaomi, no laila e loaʻa ai ke ʻano a me ka hana i makemake ʻia. ʻO ka forging make metala wai kahi ʻano hana ma waena o ka hoʻolei make a me ka forging make. He kūpono loa ia no nā ʻāpana paia lahilahi paʻakikī e paʻakikī ke hana i ka forging make maʻamau.

Ma waho aʻe o nā mea maʻamau, ʻo nā mea hana hao e like me nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kila kalapona a me ke kila huila, ukali ʻia e ka alumini, magnesium, keleawe, titanium a me kāna huila, hao wela wela kiʻekiʻe, nickel wela wela kiʻekiʻe, cobalt wela wela kiʻekiʻe deformation alloy ma ke ʻano hana hao a i ʻole ka ʻōwili ʻana, akā no ka mea he haiki ka wahi plastik o kēia mau huila, no laila he nui ka paʻakikī o ka hana hao ʻana, he mau koi koʻikoʻi ko nā mea like ʻole o ka mahana hoʻomehana, ka mahana hana hao a me ka mahana hana hope loa.

4. Kahe o ke kaʻina hana

He ʻokoʻa nā kaʻina hana o nā ʻano hana forging like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kaʻina hana ʻenehana o ka forging make wela ka lōʻihi loa, ʻo ke kauoha maʻamau: forging billet feeding; forging heating; roller forging preparation; make forging; ʻokiʻoki lihi; punching; hoʻoponopono; nānā waena, e nānā i ka nui a me nā kīnā o ka ʻili o nā forgings; mālama wela o nā forgings e hoʻopau i ke kaumaha forging a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana ʻoki metala; hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ʻo ka mea nui e wehe i ka ʻili oxidation o ka ʻili; hoʻoponopono; nānā, e hele nā ​​​​forgings laulā ma o ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano a me ka paʻakikī, a e hoʻāʻo ʻia nā forgings koʻikoʻi ma o ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻohuihui kemika, nā waiwai mechanical, ke kaumaha koena a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻole e luku.

5. Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā forgings

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, hiki i ka metala ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou ʻano a me nā waiwai mechanical. Ma hope o ke ʻano hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka metala a me ka recrystallization, hiki i ka dendrite mānoanoa mua a me ka palaoa columnar ke hoʻololi i kahi ʻano palaoa maikaʻi, ka nui like o ka hoʻonohonoho recrystallization axial, e hoʻokaʻawale mua, wehe, pores, slag i ka compaction a me ka welding, e hoʻopili pono i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka plasticity a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka metala.
ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā waiwai mechanical o nā mea i hoʻolei ʻia ma mua o nā mea i hoʻolei ʻia o ka mea like. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka hana forging ke hōʻoia i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka fiber metala, i mea e hoʻonohonoho ai i ka fiber o ka forging a me ke ʻano o ka forging, a ua piha ka streamline metala, hiki ke hōʻoia i nā ʻāpana he mau waiwai mechanical maikaʻi a me ke ola lawelawe lōʻihi. ʻO nā Forgings i hana ʻia e ka forging make precision, extrusion anuanu, extrusion mahana a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe he mea hoʻohālikelike ʻole i nā mea i hoʻolei ʻia.
ʻO ka hana ʻana he mea ia e kau ʻia ai kahi metala ma lalo o ke kaomi e hana i kahi ʻano i makemake ʻia a i ʻole e hana i kahi ikaika kaomi kūpono. Hoʻokō pinepine ʻia kēia ikaika ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hāmare a i ʻole ke kaomi. Kūkulu ke kaʻina hana hana i kahi ʻano ʻāpana maikaʻi a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai kino o ka metala. I ka hoʻohana maoli ʻana i nā ʻāpana, ʻo kahi hoʻolālā kūpono e hoʻokahe i nā ʻāpana i ke kuhikuhi o ke kaomi nui. ʻO ka hoʻolei ʻana he mea hana metala i loaʻa ma o nā ʻano hana hoʻolei like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka metala wai, me ka ninini ʻana, ke kaomi ʻana, ka omo ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻano hana hoʻolei ʻē aʻe i loko o ka hoʻolei i hoʻomākaukau ʻia, ka hoʻomaʻalili ʻana ma hope o ke one, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana ma hope, ka mea me kahi ʻano, ka nui a me ka hana.