Whakapūmau i te pūtaiao rongonui
Te hanga E pā ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā mīhini hanga hei pēhi i te pereti whakarewa hei whakatairanga i te whakarerekētanga kirihou, kia whiwhi ai i ētahi āhuatanga miihini, āhua me te rahi motuhake o te hanga, ko tētahi o ngā wāhanga matua e rua o te hanga (tae atu ki te hanga me te tā). Mā te hanga, ka taea te whakakore i ngā hapa pēnei i te whakarewa whakarewa, me te whakapai ake i te hanganga moroiti. I te wa ano, nā te mea ka mau tonu te raina whakarewa katoa, ko ngā āhuatanga miihini o te hanga he pai ake i te maka o te rauemi kotahi. I roto i ngā mīhini e tika ana, mō ngā wāhanga nui he nui te kawenga me ngā tikanga mahi tino pakari, engari ko te āhua ngāwari ka taea te whakamahi i te pereti hurihuri, te kōtaha, te wāhanga whakarewa rānei, ka whakamahia te nuinga o ngā hanga.
- Te pāmahana whakapohehe
Ko te pāmahana tīmatanga o te whakakōkī anō o te maitai he tata ki te 727℃, engari ko te 800℃ te tikanga e whakamahia ana hei raina wehewehe, ko te teitei ake i te 800℃ he hanga wera; i waenga i te 300 me te 800℃ ka kiia ko te hanga mahana, ko te hanga wera-haurua rānei, ko te hanga i te pāmahana rūma ka kiia ko te hanga makariri. Ko ngā hanga e whakamahia ana i te nuinga o ngā ahumahi ko te hanga wera, ā, ko te hanga mahana me te hanga makariri e whakamahia ana mō te hanga motuka, mīhini whānui me ētahi atu wāhanga. Ka taea e te hanga mahana me te hanga makariri te whakaora rauemi.
- Kāwai hanga
E ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei, e ai ki te pāmahana hanga, ka taea te wehewehe ki te hanga wera, te hanga mahana me te hanga makariri. E ai ki te tikanga hanga, ka taea te wehewehe te hanga ki te hanga kore utu, te hanga mate, te mowhiti huri me te hanga motuhake.
1) Te hanga kore utu
E pā ana ki te tikanga tukatuka o te whakamahi i ngā taputapu whānui māmā, te whakamahi tika rānei i te kaha o waho ki te papa i waenganui i te paepae o runga me raro o ngā taputapu hanga hei whakapēke i te āhua o te papa, kia whiwhi ai i te āhua me te kounga o roto o ngā hanga e hiahiatia ana. Ko ngā hanga e hangaia ana e te tikanga hanga kore utu ka kiia he hanga kore utu. Ko te hanga kore utu e hangai ana ki te hanga i ngā hanga me te puranga iti, te whakamahi i te hama hanga, te perehi waipēhi me ētahi atu taputapu hanga hei hanga me te tukatuka i te papa, kia whiwhi ai i ngā hanga e tika ana. Ko te tukanga taketake o te hanga kore utu ko te whakakorikori, te whakaroa, te wero, te tapahi, te piko, te takai, te nekeneke me te hanga. Ka whakamahia katoatia te hanga kore utu i roto i te aratau hanga wera.
2) Te hanga pokepokea ai
Ka wehea te hanga pokepokea ai ki te hanga mate tuwhera me te hanga mate kati. Ka pēhia te papa whakarewa, ka whakapōturitia i roto i te rūma mate hanga me te āhua motuhake hei whiwhi i ngā wāhanga hanga. Ko te hanga mate te tikanga e whakamahia ana mō te hanga i ngā wāhanga taumaha iti me ngā wāhanga puranga nui. Ka taea te wehea te hanga pokepokea ai ki te hanga mate wera, te hanga mahana me te hanga matao. Ko te hanga mahana me te hanga matao te ahunga whanaketanga ā muri ake nei o te hanga mate, ā, e tohu ana hoki i te taumata o te hangarau hanga.
E ai ki ngā āhuatanga rauemi, ka taea hoki te wehewehe i te hanga mate ki te hanga mate konganuku pango, te hanga mate konganuku kore-whakarewa me te hanga hua paura. E ai ki te ingoa, ko ngā rauemi he konganuku rino pērā i Waro Steell, ngā konganuku kore-ferrous pērā i te parahi me te konumohe, me ngā rauemi whakarewa paura.
Me kī ko te whakaputanga he mea hanga ki te mate, ā, ka taea te wehewehe ki te whakaputanga whakarewa taumaha me te whakaputanga whakarewa māmā.
Ko te hanga mati kati me te hanga pane kati kei roto i ngā tukanga matatau e rua o te hanga mati. Nā te mea kāore he mata rere, he nui te tere o te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi. Ka taea te whakaoti i ngā hanga uaua i roto i te tukanga kotahi, i ētahi tukanga rānei. Nā te mea kāore he mata rere, ka whakaitihia te horahanga ahotea o te hanga, ā, ka whakaitihia hoki te kawenga e hiahiatia ana. Heoi, me mōhio kei te kore e tino herea te papa, nō reira me tino whakahaere te rahinga o te papa, te tūranga whanaunga o te mata hanga me te ine o te hanga, me te whai kia whakaitihia te kakahu o te mata hanga.
3) Tae atu ki te mowhiti
Ko te mira mowhiti e pā ana ki te hanga i ngā wāhanga mowhiti o ngā diameter rerekē mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu motuhake o te mīhini mira mowhiti, e whakamahia ana hoki hei hanga i ngā wāhanga wira pērā i ngā wira motuka me ngā wira tereina.
4) Te hanga motuhake
Ko te hanga motuhake ko te hanga hurihuri, te huri porowhita, te hanga radial, te hanga mate wai me ētahi atu tikanga hanga, he pai ake ēnei tikanga mō te hanga i ētahi wāhanga āhua motuhake. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakamahi i te hanga hurihuri hei tukanga hanga-mua whai hua hei whakaiti i te pēhanga hanga i muri mai; ka taea e te huri porowhita te hanga pōro maitai, ka taea e te rakau taraiwa me te hanga radial te hanga hanga nui pēnei i te oko pū me te rakau taahiraa.
5) Te pokepoke hanga
E ai ki te momo nekehanga o te mate hanga, ka taea te wehewehe i te hanga ki te hurihuri hurihuri, te hurihuri hurihuri, te hurihuri hurihuri, te hurihuri porowhita, te mowhiti hurihuri me te hurihuri whakarara. Ka taea hoki te tukatuka i te hurihuri-hurihuri, te hurihuri hurihuri me te mowhiti hurihuri mā te hanga pai. Hei whakapai ake i te tere whakamahinga o ngā rauemi, ka taea te whakamahi i te hurihuri hurihuri me te hurihuri whakarara hei tukatuka tuatahi o ngā rauemi kikokore. Ko te hurihuri hurihuri, pērā i te hanga kore utu, he painga anō hoki, ki te whakaritea ki te rahi o te hanga, ka taea te hanga i roto i te take o te kaha hanga iti. Ko te tikanga hanga, tae atu ki te hanga kore utu, te tukatuka i ngā rauemi mai i te mata pokepokea ai ki te mata kore utu, nō reira, he uaua ki te whakarite i te tika, nō reira, ko te ahunga nekehanga pokepokea ai me te tukanga hanga hurihuri me te whakahaere rorohiko, ka taea te whakamahi i te kaha hanga iti mō te āhua uaua, ngā hua tino tika, pērā i ngā momo whakaputa, te rahi nui o ngā whakarewa mata turbine mamaoa.
Kāore te nekehanga pokepokea ai e rite ana ki te taumata herekore. E ai ki ngā āhuatanga herenga whakarerekētanga o te pūwāhi mate, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā taputapu pokepokea ai kia whā ngā āhua e whai ake nei:
Te whakawhāiti i te kaha hanga: ko te pēhanga hinu te mea e akiaki tika ana i te pēhi hinu reti.
Aratau herenga whiu-whāiti: ka peia e te pēhi hinu te pēhi hinu o te pūnaha hononga porotaka.
Teihana whiu: te pēhi ā-ringa e peia ana te reti e te porowhita, te tokotoko hono me te tikanga porowhita.
Aratau here pūngao: mā te whakamahi i te tikanga tīwiri o te pēhi porowhita me te waku.
Hei whakatutuki i te tika teitei, me aro nui ki te ārai i te taumaha rawa i te pūwāhi mate o raro, me te whakahaere i te tere me te tūranga o te mate. Nā te mea ka pā ēnei ki te manawanui hanga, te tika o te āhua me te roa o te ora o te mate hanga. Hei tāpiri, hei pupuri i te tika, me aro nui hoki ki te whakarerekē i te āputa o te arataki reti, te whakarite i te pakari, te whakarerekē i te pūwāhi mate me te whakamahi i te taputapu tuku tautoko me ētahi atu tikanga.
Kei reira anō hoki te nekehanga poutū me te whakapae o ngā kiriata (mō te hanga wāhanga angiangi, te whakamatao hinuhinu, me te hanga tere-teitei o te hanga wāhanga), mā te whakamahi i te taputapu utu ka taea te whakanui ake i te nekehanga ki ētahi atu huarahi. He rerekē ngā tikanga o runga ake nei, he rerekē te kaha hanga e hiahiatia ana, te tukanga, te whakamahinga rauemi, te hua, te manawanui rahi me ngā tikanga whakamatao hinuhinu, ko ēnei āhuatanga anō hoki ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te taumata o te aunoatanga.
- Ngā rauemi hanga
Ko ngā rauemi hanga ko te nuinga o te maitai waro me te maitai koranu o ngā wāhanga rerekē, ā, muri iho ko te konumohe, te konupora, te parahi, te titanium me ō rātou koranu. Ko te āhua taketake o te rauemi ko te rauemi tokotoko, te ingot, te paura whakarewa me te konganuku wai. Ko te ōwehenga o te horahanga whakawhiti o te konganuku i mua i te whakarerekētanga ki te horahanga whakawhiti i muri i te whakarerekētanga ka kiia ko te ōwehenga hanga. Ko te whiriwhiri tika o te ōwehenga hanga, te pāmahana whakamahana me te wā whakamarumaru tika, te pāmahana tīmatanga hanga me te pāmahana hanga whakamutunga, te whakarerekētanga tika me te tere whakarerekētanga he hononga pai ki te whakapai ake i te kounga hua me te whakaiti i te utu.
Ko ngā mea hanga iti me te rahi waenga he porowhita, he tapawhā rānei te rahi hei porowhita. He ōrite te whakaritenga o te witi me ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o te rauemi rakau, he pai, he tika te āhua me te rahi, he pai te kounga o te mata, he ngāwari ki te whakarite i te whakaputanga papatipu. Mena ka taea te whakahaere tika i te pāmahana whakamahana me ngā āhuatanga whakarerekētanga, ka taea te hanga i ngā mea hanga he pai te mahi me te kore e nui te whakarerekētanga o te hanga.
He mea hanga noa te inetō mō ngā whakarewanga nunui. He kiko whakarewa te inetō me ngā tioata pou nui ake, ā, he pokapū koretake. Nō reira, me wāwāhi ngā tioata porotaka kia angiangi, kia koretake hoki te whakakī kia puta ai he whakaritenga whakarewa pai me ngā āhuatanga hangarau.
Ka taea te hanga i te paura whakarewa kua pēhia, kua tahuna hoki, me te kore he mate taha rere i te āhua wera. He tata te paura whakarewa ki te mātotoru o te mate whakarewa whānui, he pai ngā āhuatanga miihini me te tino tika, ka taea te whakaiti i te mahi miihini i muri mai. He pai te whakaritenga o ngā paura whakarewa, kāore he wehewehenga, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei hanga i ngā wahi mahi pēnei i ngā taputapu iti. Engari he nui ake te utu o te paura i te utu o te pae whānui, ā, he iti noa te whakamahinga i roto i te whakaputanga.
Ka whakamahia te pēhanga pūmau ki te konganuku wai e ringihia ana ki roto i te rūma pokepokea ai hei whakapakeke, hei whakatio, hei rere, hei whakarerekētanga kirihou, hei hanga i raro i te pēhanga, kia whiwhi ai i te āhua me te mahi e hiahiatia ana. Ko te hanga mate konganuku wai he tikanga hanga i waenga i te maka mate me te hanga mate. He tino pai mō ngā wāhanga angiangi matatini e uaua ana ki te hanga i roto i te hanga mate whānui.
Hei tāpiri atu ki ngā rauemi hanga noa, pērā i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te maitai waro me te maitai koranu, ā, whai muri ko te konumohe, te konupora, te parahi, te titanium me tōna koranu, te koranu pāmahana teitei e hangai ana ki te rino, te koranu pāmahana teitei e hangai ana ki te nikara, te koranu pāmahana teitei e hangai ana ki te kobalta, mā te hanga, te hurihuri rānei i te ara, engari nā te mea he kuiti te horahanga kirihou o ēnei koranu, he nui te uaua o te hanga, he tino kaha ngā whakaritenga mō ngā rauemi rerekē o te pāmahana whakamahana, te pāmahana hanga me te pāmahana hanga whakamutunga.
- Te rere o te tukanga
He rerekē ngā tukanga o ngā tikanga hanga rerekē, ā, ko te tukanga hangarau o te hanga mate wera te mea roa rawa atu, ko te raupapa whānui ko: te hanga whāngai pire; te hanga whakamahana; te whakarite hanga roera; te hanga mate; te mata tapahi; te wero; te whakatikatika; te tirotiro waenga, te tirotiro i te rahi me ngā hapa mata o ngā hanga; te maimoatanga wera o ngā hanga hei whakakore i te ahotea hanga me te whakapai ake i te mahi tapahi whakarewa; te horoi, ko te nuinga hei tango i te kiri waikura mata; te whakatikatika; te tirotiro, me tirotiro te āhua me te pakeke o ngā hanga whānui, ā, me whakamatautauria ngā hanga nui mā te tātari hanganga matū, ngā āhuatanga miihini, te ahotea toenga me te whakamātautau kore-whakangaro.
- Ngā āhuatanga o te hanga
Ki te whakataurite ki te whakarewa, ka taea e te konganuku te whakapai ake i tōna hanganga me ōna āhuatanga hangarau. Mā te tukatuka wera i te kiko whakarewa, ka rerekē te āhua o te whakarewa, nā te rerekētanga o te konganuku me te hangarua, ka hangaia te matotoru taketake o te dendrite me te kōwae poutū hei kōwae pai, ka rite te rahi o te whakaritenga hangarua tuaka, ka wehea te taketake, ka wetekina, ka whakakīia ngā pore, ka para, ka piri te whakaritenga, ka whakapai ake i te kirihou me ngā āhuatanga hangarau o te konganuku.
He iti iho ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā whakarewanga i ērā o ngā whakarewanga o te rauemi kotahi. Hei tāpiri, mā te tukatuka whakarewanga ka taea te whakarite i te haere tonu o te whakaritenga muka whakarewa, kia pai ai te whakaritenga muka o te whakarewanga me te āhua o te whakarewanga, kia oti ai te rere o te whakarewanga, kia pai ai ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā wāhanga me te roa o te ora mahi. Kāore e taea te whakarite i ngā whakarewanga i hangaia e te whakarewanga mate tika, te whakaputanga makariri, te whakaputanga pāmahana me ētahi atu tukanga ki te whakarewanga.
Ko te hanga whakarewa he mea e pēhia ana te konganuku kia puta ai te āhua e hiahiatia ana, kia puta ai rānei he kaha pēhi e tika ana. Ko te tikanga ka tutuki tēnei kaha mā te whakamahi i te hama, i te pēhanga rānei. Ka hangaia e te tukanga hanga whakarewa he hanganga matūriki pai, ā, ka whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te konganuku. I te whakamahinga tūturu o ngā wāhanga, mā te hoahoa tika ka rere ngā matūriki i te ahunga o te pēhanga matua. Ko te whakarewa he mea hanga whakarewa e whiwhihia ana mā roto i ngā tikanga whakarewa maha, arā, te whakarewa i te konganuku wai, mā te ringihanga, te pēhi, te momi, ētahi atu tikanga whakarewa rānei ki roto i te whakarewa kua whakaritea, te whakamatao i muri i te onepu, te horoi me te maimoatanga i muri i te maimoatanga, te mea me tētahi āhua, rahi me te mahi motuhake.