Hoʻolauna mea maka nui

1. Nā ʻano hao a me ke kila nui a me nā kahua noi

①Ke kila kalapona

ʻO ke kila kalapona kahi mea hao a me ka ferric carbon alloy i loaʻa nā mea kalapona, ʻo ka maʻamau ma waena o 0.12% a me 2.0%. Wahi a nā ʻano kalapona like ʻole, ua māhele ʻia ke kila kalapona i ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ke kalapona ma mua o 0.3%), ke kila kalapona waena (ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kalapona ma mua o 0.6%) a me ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe (ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kalapona ma mua o 0.6%). He maikaʻi ka plasticity o ke kila kalapona, ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia a me ka mīkini, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻāpana kūkulu, nā ʻāpana mīkini, ka hana kaʻa a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.

②Ke kila kila

ʻO ke kila kila he huahana kila me nā mea kila ʻē aʻe (e like me chromium, nickel, molybdenum, a pēlā aku) i hoʻohui ʻia ma ke kumu o ke kila kalapona e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona mau waiwai mechanical, ke kūpaʻa wela a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kila kila i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana a me nā koi hana o nā mea kila like ʻole. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke kila chromium-molybdenum i ka hana kaʻa a me ka ʻoihana mokulele, a hoʻohana ʻia ke kila manganese i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana pale i ke komo ʻana.

③Kia kila

He kila kūpaʻa i ka pala ka kila kila, ʻo nā mea nui he chromium (ma waena o 10% a me 30% ka nui) a me ka nickel. Ua māhele ʻia ke kila kila kila i ke kila kila austenite, ke kila kila ferrite a me ke kila kila martensite. He kūpaʻa maikaʻi ka kila kila Austenitic a me ka hana ʻana, hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mea kuke, nā mea hoʻonaninani hale, nā lako kemika a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.

④Kila kila

ʻO ke kila make kahi kila kūikawā i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōmole, me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu a me ke kūpaʻa i ka hopena. Wahi a nā koi hoʻohana a me nā ʻano hana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kila ʻōmole ʻoihana i ke kila ʻōmole anu, ke kila ʻōmole wela, ke kila make plastik a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i nā ʻōmole plastik, nā ʻōmole make-casting a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.

Paipu kila

ʻO ka paipu kila he ʻano paipu kila hakahaka, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i paipu kila humuhumu a me ka paipu kila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e like me ke kaʻina hana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka paipu kila i ka ʻaila, ka ʻoihana kemika, ka hana mīkini, ke kūkulu ʻana a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, me nā ʻano o ka hiki ke hāpai ikaika, ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ke kaomi a me ke kūpaʻa i ka pala. He kūpono ka paipu kila humuhumu no ke kaiapuni kiʻekiʻe a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ʻoiai ʻo ka paipu kila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he kūpono no ka ʻenekinia a me ke kūkulu ʻana maʻamau.

2. Ka mālama wela a me ka mālama ʻili

Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā waiwai o nā mea kila ma o ka mālama wela a me ka mālama ʻili. Hoʻokomo pū ka mālama wela i ka annealing, ka hoʻā ʻana maʻamau, ka quenching a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke kila a hoʻomaikaʻi i kona paʻakikī a me ka ikaika. Hoʻokomo pū ka mālama ʻili i ka galvanizing, ka pīpī ʻana, ka uhi ʻana a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala a me ka nani o ke kila.

3. kūlana maikaʻi

He mea nui nā kūlana maikaʻi o nā mea kila e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana. ʻO nā kikoʻī maʻamau o nā mea kila e komo pū me nā kūlana honua (e like me ASTM, ISO), nā kūlana ʻEulopa (e like me EN), a me nā kūlana aupuni (e like me GB, JIS). Hiki i ke kila kūpono ke hōʻoia i kāna hana a me ka hilinaʻi.